Rules for Ties

In Linear Programming, in choosing the key column and key row, whenever there is a tie between two or more numbers, the following rules may be followed.
1. If there is a tie between two or more numbers in the index row, select the column farthest to the left as the key column.
2. If there is a tie between two or more smallest positive ratios in the ratio column, select the row nearest to t6he top as key row.

Nominal Group Technique

Nominal group technique is a participatory approach for finding fact, identifying problems and strengths, generating ideas and evaluating progress. It is based on assumption of work independently and then, combines ideas. In this technique, each individual member are presented with a problem and each member is responsible for developing ideas for situation individually and independently. All these ideas are shared with each other in a prescribed format for suggestion and classification. At last, group members choose the best alternative by secret ballot. This process is called nominal because all members work independently and are considered as a part of group in name only.

Service Mechanism

The service mechanism is concerned with the manner in which customers are serviced and leave the service system. It refers to arrangement of service facilities and service time distribution.

Surplus Variables

If the constraints of given LP (Linear Programming) problem are greater than or equal to type, then non-negative variables are subtracted from left hand sides of greater than or equal to constraints to convert them into equations. Such non negative variables are called surplus variables.

Use of forecast Information

A manager can take a reactive or proactive approach to a forecast. A reactive approach views forecast as probable descriptions of future demand, and a manager reacts to meet that demand i. e. the manager tries to adjust production rates adjustment inventories, adjust the workforce etc. While a proactive approach seeks to actively influence demand by advertising, pricing or product/service changes.

Generally, proactive approach require either an explanatory model 9regression) so as to make two forecast viz. present value and future prediction.

Forecasts are the basic planning. In other words forecasts are vital inputs for both the design and the operation of the production systems to anticipate the future.

Simulation

To simulate is to try of duplicate or imitate the features, appearance, and characteristics of a real system. Simply, simulation is a technique of testing a model, which resembles a real-life situation.

The term simulation in the context of business and social science applications refers to the operation of a numerical model that represents the structure of a dynamic process. Given the values of initial conditions, parameters and exogenous variables a simulation is run to present the behaviour of the process over time. Simulation approach can also be useful in building models for understanding future conditions.

Operations Management

Since 1970s, service sector become a prominent sector for economic and social development of the country. Therefore, the whole organizations are classified into manufacturing and service sectors. Then, the new term operations management emerged in the place of production management.  The production management changed into operations management. Therefore, operations management focuses more in service sectors.

Intermittent Production system

In this system, goods and services are produced to fulfill the orders of customers rather than for stock. The production facilities used in this system are flexible enough to produce wide varieties of products accordance with the order and need of customers. Therefore, there is no continuity in flow of material and resources. The flow is intermittent i.e. not continuous. In this system, raw materials, process, and design should be continuously adjusted and changed with the changes in design, shape, size, quality, and orders of customers. As a result, production planning and controlling becomes complex. It is widely used in hospitals, machine shops, restaurants, furniture, and offset printing press etc. 

Quantitative Method

Quantitative method involves either the extension of historical data or development of associative models that attempt to utilize explanatory variables to make a forecast. The qualitative techniques are used because it is quite impossible to quantify them. Quantitative techniques consist mainly of analyzing sometimes contaminate qualitative menthods. The basic quantitative methods of forecasting are extrapolative or time series and causal forecasting.

Stable rupee amount per share

Under this scheme, a firm distributes an equal sum of money as dividends in every time period. Dividend per share is not effected with the fluctuations in earnings. Stockholders receive fixed or constant rupee income in every time period.

Ex-Dividend date

The date when the rights to dividends leaves the stock is called the ex-dividend date. Generally, ex-divided date  is set four days prior to the holder of record date.

Declaration Date

The date on which the meeting of board of directors passes a resolution to pay a dividend is known as declaration date.

Motives of holding Inventory

1. Transaction motive
2. Precautionary motive
3. Speculative motive.

Meaning of Risk

Generally risk is taken as negative term. In finance it is the variability of actual future return from the expected return. In other words, risk is the possibility that the actual return from holding a security will deviate from the expected return. So risk is the outcome of uncertainty and there is perfect correlation between risk and uncertainty. 

Area of uses of funds

- Repayment of long-term loans
- Purchase of fixed assets
- Payment of cash dividend
- Decrease in liability or equity
- Increase in working capital
- Purchase of long-term investment.

Source of cash

- Increase in liability or equity
- Funds from operations
- Issue of shares and debentures
- Sales of fixed and long term investment
- Decrease in working capital
- Income from investment.

Importance of Financial Statement

- Historical record
- Course of action
-Reliable financial information-economic resources and obligations.
- Estimating the earnings potential of the enterprise.
- Providing information about economic resources and obligations.
etc.

The statement of Retained Earning

A statement reporting the change in the firm's retained earnings as the result of the income generated and retained during the year. The balance sheet figure for retained earnings is the sum of the earnings retained for each year the firm has been in business. Retained earnings are used to expand the business but not used for the payment of dividends or anything else.

The Balance sheet

The balance sheet is that financial statement which shows financial position of a firm at a specific point of time.

Income statement

The income statement is also known as profit and loss account. It presents the result of business operations during a specified period of time such as, a quarter of a year. In other words, it summarizes the firm's revenues and expenses over an accounting period.

Common size statement

Common size statement is also known as common size analysis. It is another technique of analyzing the items of financial statements on relative terms. This technique is based  on the calculation of the percentage of every item in the income statements and balance sheets for past several years. It helps to check the performance trend of each item during the period under analysis.
The common size analysis is carried out for a period of one or more years. The income statement items are divided by total assets and expressed as a percentage of total assets. These percentages calculated in the same manner for the industry, and the competitors. Thus, the comparison shows the company's performance relative to industry, competitors as well as compared to its own past record.

Finance and Accounting

The firm's finance (treasurer) and accounting (controller) activities are closely related. Accounting is concerned with the recording, reporting and measuring of business transactions. Using a widely accepted double-entry book-keeping system, accounting provides data about the firm's past, present and future activities. Finance uses these data as an important input to the decision making process. Thus, an outcome of accounting is an important input in financial decision making.
Indeed, it is difficult to distinguish between financial management and accounting. Due to the use of same type of terminologies in both subjects, it is difficult to differentiate accounting from finance. In small firms the controller ( chief accountant) often carries out the finance functions and in large firms too accountants are involved in various finance activities. 

Stockholders Versus Creditors

An agency problem also exists between stockholders and creditors. There is conflict in the interest of stockholders and creditors. Creditors provide certain portion of capital to business firm and receive a fixed interest as return. Creditors do not want to take high risk. They always oppose high risk because they do not receive additional return for taking high risk. Creditor's interest is to earn a fixed return on their investment and recover their capital upon maturity. On the other side, stockholders emphasize on maximizing the value of their investment by taking high risk. Thus, stockholders and creditors want to fulfill their diverse interest from the same business firm.
This problem is generally solved by providing higher risk premium to creditors form taking higher level of risk. Risk premium can be provided by using risk adjusted market interest rate, and creditors are compensated for taking higher level of risk.

Agency Problem

An agency relationship is a contract under which one or more people hire another person to perform some service and delegate decision making authority to that agent. Within the financial management framework, agency relationship exists 1) between stockholders and managers, and 2)between stockholders and creditors.
A potential conflict of interest that can arise between 1) stockholders and managers and 2) stockholders and creditors is called agency problem.

1) Stockholders versus managers
Stockholders are the real owners of the corporation. There are large number of stockholders in a big corporation and they stay at far distant places inside and outside the country. In this condition, it is almost impossible to participate all the stockholders in regular business activities. To perform regular business activities, a management team is formed by the stockholders. Therefore, managers are the agents of the stockholders. There is principal-agent relationship between stockholders and managers. managers are supposed to work in the best interest of the stockholders. But managers of a large corporation have a great deal of autonomy, so they may not work for the stockholders' wealth maximization. Some have argued that the managers of a large and well established corporation can work to provide just a fair and reasonable rate of return and then the remainder of the resources and efforts may be mobilized to fulfil their life style at the cost of stockholders. Their main concern is present benefit and long run survival. They do not take risky ventures which may provide higher rate of return to stockholders. They emphasize only those projects that generate moderate level of profit. One reason of not taking risky venture is that managers do not receive a fair share of compensation out of the value they generate for the risk they take.

Another reason to avoid high risk is that the impact of negative results to management is more serious than stockholders. The risk of managers can't be diversified as the risk of stockholders. Their managerial skill is limited to one company. If things go wrong, they are responsible and can lose their jobs. On the other hand, the risk of stockholders can be well diversified by investing their fund making a portfolio of different stocks of different business firms. If a business firm goes into loss, the impact of this loss is not so serious to stockholders. it can be compensated from the profit of another business firm in which they have invested their funds. Thus, there is conflict in the interest of stockholders and managers. Such type of agency problems can be solved in the following ways:
- Provision of cash kind incentives to managers,
- Provision of stock option and stock bonus,
- Limiting managerial autonomy,
- Setting up a monitoring unit,
- Reorganization of the managerial structure in such a way that the actions of managers are automatically verified,
- Threat of takeover,
- Threat of firing,
- Competition, and
- Fear of career damage.

The Economic Environment

Market price of the common stock is not affected only by the projected EPS, timing of the earning streams, riskiness of the projected earnings, use of debt and dividend policy. Stock prices are also influenced by different types of external factors. Mainly following four external factors influence the stock prices:
1. External constraints
2. Strategic policy decisions controlled by management
3. General level of economic activity and corporate taxes
4. Stock market conditions.

Management makes a set of long run strategic policy decisions working within the set of external constraints. Such external constraints are antitrust laws, environmental regulations, product and work place safety regulations, employment practices rules, federal reserve policy, international developments etc. Thus, management makes different types of strategic policy decisions like types of product or services produced, production method used, relative use of debt financing, dividend policy etc. under the control of external constraints. These strategic policy decisions, level of economic activity and corporate taxes influence in expected profitability, timing of cash flows and degree of risk. Finally, stock prices are affected by expected profitability, timing of cash flows, degree of risk and stock market condition.

Profit Maximization and Stock Price

Does profit maximization help to maximize stock price? The general belief is that the maximization of profit increases stock prices and argues higher firm value. But, it is not always true. Short term profit can be maximized  but the long term effect of such strategy can be quite contrary to stock price maximization. For example, short-term profit can be maximized by reducing research and development expenses and other expenses but this can have long term negative impacts. It is important to consider how profit maximization affects the factors that influence the stock price. The factors that generally have effect on stock price are:
- Earning per share
- Level of risk
- Timing of earnings and the present value of future cash inflows
- Financial leverage
- Dividend policy, and
- New investment

Maximization of profit and stock price may not coincide in all ccases. Profit may be maximized but it may not increase stock prices. Therefore, it is necessary to assume that profit maximization does not necessarily contribute to stock price.

Profit maximization

In the conventional theory of firm, the major objective of a firm is to maximize profits. Maximization of profit simply refers to the maximization of rupee income of the firm. Under the profit maximization objective, the financial manager takes only those actions that are expected to contribute to the firm's overall profits. Corporations commonly measure profits in terms of earning per share, which represent the amount earned during the accounting period on each outstanding share of common stock.

The conventional theory of the firm depends profit maximization assumptions on the following grounds:
- only those firms survive in the long run in a competitive market which are able  to make a reasonable amount of profit.
-Profit maximization assumption is a time-honored objective of a firm, and evidence against this objective is not conclusive.
-Profit maximization objective has been found extremely accurate in predicting certain aspect of firm's behaviour and trends.
- Though not perfect, profit, profit is the most efficient and reliable measure of the efficiency of a firm. It is also the source of internal finance.
-Under the condition of competitive market, profit can be used as a performance evaluation criterion, and profit maximization leads to efficient allocation of resources.

Although profit maximization has been the costly widely known objective of a business firm, some theorists have raised doubt on the validity of this objective. They have criticized the profit maximization objective on the following grounds:
-The profit maximization objective ignores the timing of returns. It equates a rupee received today with a rupee received one year later.
-Profit maximization goal dies not consider the cash flows available to stockholders. Owners receive cash flow either in the form of cash dividends paid to them or the proceeds from selling their shares for a higher price than initially paid. A greater EPS does not necessarily mean that a firm's board of directors will decide to increase dividend payments.
-Profit maximization goal ignores the element of risk associated with the expected earning streams.
- The profit maximization objective of the firm has greater relevance to short run. In long run, a firm can not service with this objective.
-A firm with this objective may involve in unfair practices to maximize profit.
-The term "profit" is vague. Profit may mean different things to different people. It is not clear whether it is before tax or after tax profit, short run or long run profit and total corporate profit or earning per share.

Cash Flow Statement

A Statement of changes in financial positions on cash basis is commonly known as the cash flow statement. The statement of cash flow is designed to show how the firm's operations have affected its liquidity as measured by its cash flows and to show the relationships among cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities. Hence, it indicates the sources and uses of cash.

Goal of the Corporation

Stockholders are the owners of a corporation. They purchase stocks because they want to earn good return on their investment without undue risk exposure. Stockholders select directors who then hire managers to run the corporation on a day-to-day basis. Managers are supposed to be working on behalf of stockholders. So, financial managers need to know what are the major objectives of a firm's owners. Stockholders want to maximize their value of investment in a corporation. So, the primary goal of the corporation is to maximize stockholder's wealth. But many people believe that the owner's objective is always to maximize profit.

Function of Financial Management

Initially, the functions of financial management was limited upto the collection of funds. But, the area of finance functions has expanded now. As business activities continued to grow in all developed and newly industrialized countries, the functions of financial management have also been duly expanded. Now, it covers a wide area of business operation including management of financing, investment, hedging, trading etc. The basic functions of financial management are as follows:
1. Financial planning and controlling
2. Financial statement analysis
3. Raising capital
4. Working capital management
5. Capital budgeting
6. Investment management
7. Options and futures
8. Cost of capital analysis
9. Capital structure analysis
10. Dividend policy.

Beside these basic corporate financial functions, financial management is also involved in specialized financial issues, such as manager, corporate restructure, foreign exchange management and international risk management.

Dividend policy

The management of the corporation has to decide about how much of current earnings to pay ourt as dividends rather than to retain for reinvestment in the firm. Stock price is affected by dividend paid to stockholders from the firm's earning. It is also affected by the growth in EPS that results from re-investment of earning into the firm.
Thus stock price is also affected by the dividend policy adopted by a firm. A firm should follow optimal dividend policy that can maximize the market price of stocks.

Meaning of Financial Management

Financial management is an integral part of overall management. it is concerned with the management of financial affairs of financial or non-financial, private or public, large or small and profit seeking or non-profit seeking interprised. It is that managerial activity which is mainly concerned with the acquisition and proper utilization of funds. It involves on investment, financing and dividend decisions.

Stocks

Preferred stock
preferred stock is hybrid in nature. It is similar to bond in some respects and common stock in some other respects. Like bonds, preferred stock is also a fixed income security. Preferred dividend are similar to interest payments on bonds in that they are fixed in amount and generally must be paid before common stock dividends can be paid. On the other side, preferred dividends can be omitted without bankrupting the firm, any many preferred stock issues have no specific maturity date.

Common stock
Common stock represent ownership in the corporation. Common stockholders are the true owners of the firm. Common stock does not have a maturity date.

Love songs

I am crazy about the love songs. I enjoy my time with love songs. I have not yet a girlfriends. My friends can't believe me. Whatever the situations is comes, but i always love the love songs. But i have a problems, i can't find the latest love songs. So if anyone knows how to get latest love songs to listen? I searched on the youtube, CDs on markets but youtube takes more and more time to play the songs and CDs comes in Nepalese markets slowly, which makes me bored. So please suggest me to get those songs.

Best lyrics

I've been alone with you inside my mind 
And in my dreams I've kissed your lips a thousand times 
I sometimes see you pass outside my door 
Hello, is it me you're looking for? 

I can see it in your eyes 
I can see it in your smile 
You're all I've ever wanted, (and) my arms are open wide 
'Cause you know just what to say 
And you know just what to do 
And I want to tell you so much, I love you ... 

I long to see the sunlight in your hair 
And tell you time and time again how much I care 
Sometimes I feel my heart will overflow 
Hello, I've just got to let you know 

'Cause I wonder where you are 
And I wonder what you do 
Are you somewhere feeling lonely, or is someone loving you? 
Tell me how to win your heart 
For I haven't got a clue 
But let me start by saying, I love you ... 

Hello, is it me you're looking for? 
'Cause I wonder where you are 
And I wonder what you do 
Are you somewhere feeling lonely or is someone loving you? 
Tell me how to win your heart 
For I haven't got a clue 
But let me start by saying ... I love you 

Everything i do lyrics

Look into my eyes - you will see 
What you mean to me 
Search your heart - search your soul 
And when you find me there you'll search no more 

Don't tell me it's not worth tryin' for 
You can't tell me it's not worth dyin' for 
You know it's true 
Everything I do - I do it for you 

Look into your heart - you will find 
There's nothin' there to hide 
Take me as I am - take my life 
I would give it all - I would sacrifice 

Don't tell me it's not worth fightin' for 
I can't help it - there's nothin' I want more 
Ya know it's true 
Everything I do - I do it for you 

There's no love - like your love 
And no other - could give more love 
There's nowhere - unless you're there 
All the time - all the way 

Oh - you can't tell me it's not worth tryin' for 
I can't help it - there's nothin' I want more 
I would fight for you - I'd lie for you 
Walk the wire for you - ya I'd die for you 

Ya know it's true 
Everything I do - I do it for you

Meaning of Inventory

Inventory is store of goods and stocks. Items in inventories are called stock-keeping items held at stock piont. In manufacturing organization, inventory refers raw materials, parts and components, supplies, work-in process and finished goods. In service organizations, it includes the tangible items to be sold and used for day-to-day operations.

Inventories play vital role on the success of the organization. Inventory means not only maintaining stock, it refers the investment of the organizations as well as of the country. It is a major part of investment and affects the economy of the country as well. Therefore, inventory control is very essential. There should be a good inventory policy and controls. The set of policies and controls refer the inventory system of the organization.

Production and operations management focuses on conversion process of inputs into output of goods and services. It tries to maintain optimum inventory level at each stock point to ensure smooth flow of production, to meet demand of the customers at optimum cost.

Meaning of Inventory

Inventory is store of goods and stocks. Items in inventories are called stock-keeping items held at stock piont. In manufacturing organization, inventory refers raw materials, parts and components, supplies, work-in process and finished goods. In service organizations, it includes the tangible items to be sold and used for day-to-day operations.

Inventories play vital role on the success of the organization. Inventory means not only maintaining stock, it refers the investment of the organizations as well as of the country. It is a major part of investment and affects the economy of the country as well. Therefore, inventory control is very essential. There should be a good inventory policy and controls. The set of policies and controls refer the inventory system of the organization.

Production and operations management focuses on conversion process of inputs into output of goods and services. It tries to maintain optimum inventory level at each stock point to ensure smooth flow of production, to meet demand of the customers at optimum cost.

Meaning of Inventory

Inventory is store of goods and stocks. Items in inventories are called stock-keeping items held at stock piont. In manufacturing organization, inventory refers raw materials, parts and components, supplies, work-in process and finished goods. In service organizations, it includes the tangible items to be sold and used for day-to-day operations.

Inventories play vital role on the success of the organization. Inventory means not only maintaining stock, it refers the investment of the organizations as well as of the country. It is a major part of investment and affects the economy of the country as well. Therefore, inventory control is very essential. There should be a good inventory policy and controls. The set of policies and controls refer the inventory systme of the organization.

Production and operations management focuses on conversion process of inputs into output of goods and services. It tries to maintain optimum inventory level at each stock point to ensure smooth flow of production, to meet demand of the customers at optimum cost.

Dummy Variables

If the constraints of given LP problem are greater than or equal to type, in that case the constraints are converted into equations by subtracting surplus variables. In such a case, an identity matrix does not form with the coefficients of surplus variables. In order to obtain an identity matrix, the auxiliary non-negative variables are added to given constraints. Such additional variables are called artificial variables (dummy variables). These are denoted by D1, D2 or A1, A2 etc. When the given constraints are greater than or equal to and equal to type, the dummy variables are added.

If the objective function is to maximize a certain quantity, the coefficient of each dummy variable in objective function is assumed to be a very high positive number which is denoted by M. 

Concept of maintenance management

Maintenance is primarily concerind with aday to day problem of machinery equipment in maintaining good working condition. It is very essential to ensure a continuous production flow by utilizing maximum capacity of plant.

The main objective of the maintenance policy is to minimize total cost of maintaining an acceptable leverl of equipment reliability. All these objective of the maintenance can be outlined as below:

- to ensure prodduct and service quality and satisfaction of customers
- to increase reliability and life of machines and equipment to ensure plan safety and minimize industrial accident.
- to minimize operating cost
- to ensure continuity in produuctio
- to maximize the utilization of capacity

Therefore, the equipment reliability  can be maintained and improved in two ways:
a. Improving engineering design.
b. Management of implant inventory level.

Statitical Quality Control

The quality refers to conformity with certain prescribed standards or specifications and these standards may be in terms of size, weight, strenght, colour, taste etc. The producer is primarily interested to see that the product is desirable that the end successful marketing of the product it is disable that the end product must successful marketing of the product it is disable that the end product must conform to the standards or expectations laid down by the customers.

Statistical Quality Control is the planned collection and effective use of data for studying cause of variations in quality either as between process, procedures. Materials, mechanics, etc. over period of time. This cause-effect analysis is then feedback into the system with a view to continuous action on the process of handling, manufacturing, packaging, transporting and delivery at end-use.

Writing Blogs

Before:
I think, blog writing is a simple process that we can put our views in the site of google. Everything that we can say, we experiences, our views and our emotions. It is the way to flow the views to the different kinds of peoples.

Now
Blog writing is the most difficult task. It is about the experiencing something new. To write something about ourselves is quite easy, but describing something is very very difficult. Writing our own experience in a simple way is also becomes difficult for me.

I want to increase my PR in blogs, but it is also the most difficult tasks. I tried it for  2 months, but it does not increase my rank. It is just N/A. Where and how can I increase my PR, I don't know.

Lyrics of I don't wanna close my eyes

Lying close to you
Feeling your heart beating
And i wondering what you're dreaming
Wonderful if it's me you're seeing.

I can't live without you,
I can't even die without you,
you are my dream, my desire, my passion....
you are the one whom I love more than anything, more than anyone,
You are my life, my love, my world..
I can't even think about life without you,
you are my inspiration, my power, my weakness...
I feel your presence all the time,
You are my ecstasy, my spirit, my soul...
I can't face the hardships of life without you,
You are my strength, my confidence, my triumph...

Roses are red
My heart is sad
A smile from you
Will make me glad...

What is a BEAUTIFUL Girl?

An innocent dove,
A pillar of beauty,
A temple of love,
A faithful companion,
A friend in distress,
The richest treasure a man can possess..

Beautiful sms

A Friendship is Sweet when its NEW
Its Sweeter when its TRUE
But Its Sweetest when the friend is like U. 

WHY STUDENT FAIL (Jokes)

Saturdays-52 in a year,Days left 313
Summer holidays 50,Days left 263
8 hrs daily sleep-130 days GONe, Days left 141
1 hr daily playing means 15 days,Days left 126
2 hrs daily for eating means 30 days.Days left 96,
1 hr talking means 15 days.,Days left 81
Exams days 35 days,Days left 46
Eid & Gov holidays 20, Days left 26
Movies,TV at least 25 days,Days left 1
That 1 day is your BIRTHDAY.
Hun banda SALGIRHA waly din bhi parhy?

Jokes

Whos hot... Its U,
Whos
Charming... Its U,
Whos
Sweetest.. Its U,
Whos
Intelligent... Its U,
Whos dear & near friend... Its U
Whos a liar.. Its me

Jokes

A Sweet demand by a kid.
A kid was beaten by his mom.
Dad came n asked- what happen son?
Kid said-I cant adjust with your wife anymore,
I want my own.

What a marvelous Monday

A mad scientist in a lab couldn't design a show more likely to appeal to the sensibilities of yours truly, or one that dramatically teaches us more about how to succeed in any career or job search, than "The Voice", appearing now on NBC and Hulu. It's a talent show with a twist featuring the nation's scrappiest underdogs, each of them deserving, determined and doggedly running with their dreams towards the future. Bowed and bent, they've survived; belief in themselves and blows from the fates have been their constant comrades along the road too long thus far. Even the teenagers in the competition have put thousands of hours into their craft

Functions of Production and Operations Management

As production and operations management is a separate functional management, the main functions of production and operations manager are as follows:
- Planning
 - Organizing
- Controlling
- Behaviour
- Modeling

Planning
Planning is a process, which determines courses of actions, and guides for future decision-making. Operations manager defines the objectives of operations system. He/She decides in advance what to do? When to do? Who  does it? Where to do it? In other word, he/she defines operational policy, programs, operational  strategies, and procedures for attaining the operational objectives. Therefore, it includes product planning and designing, facility planning, and layout for conversion process of inputs into output.

Organizing
Organizing refers the structural relationship between authority and responsibility. Operations managers establish structural relationship within operations subsystem. They determine tasks and authorities of each individual, workcenters to achieve operations goals and objectives.

Controlling
Effective control is essential to achieve operational goals and objectives through effective implementation of plan. Therefore, operations manager controls all the activities comparing actual performance with the standards for corrective actions. Controlling may concern with cost, quality, and schedule.

Behaviour
Behaviour of workers and employees are affected by planning scheduling and controlling activities of operations managers. Therefore, they should always interested to know behaviours and interest of subordinates  that affect by planning, organizing and controlling operations.

Models
Operations managers have to face different type of problems, while managing conversion process. In order to overcome such problems, they use mathematical and quantitative techniques in decision making such as network analysis, linear programming, queuing theory etc.

Hyperlink

[URL="http://www..................com"]........................[/URL]

Are you crazy about internet? Yes, I am crazy about the internet and different kinds of sites likes games, news and entertaintment related sites. Now a days i found a cool search engine like google and yahoo is Downsearch engine. This site can be downloads and can work well. I am enjoying this site with google and yahoo. So you can also enjoying with this.

Keencash

This is the one of the way of earning money for survival by earning extra money. In the keencash we can becomes member for the registering one time for a life time. I want to become the member of the keencash, if you also interested you can also becomes the member of this. and earn more and more for your additional income.

I have a little bit problems nowadays. I have no jobs. I have so many times which can't spent on a day. It is very difficult to spent my time on a daytime. I just live in my home but nothing to do. I want any kind of jobs but it is very difficult to get a job. I think I am a guy without any humor. Yesterday, I got my result, but it also provides me the same thing that I already have. I don't want to study, I don't like to do anythings, I just like to sleep in a whole day. But if i sleeps, I think the time has never change.

I think this is the time of frustration. Nothing can do. I know it is wrong for me and for my health but also i can't handle me with myselves. I just want to stay alone for some days.

Decision Tree Approach

           The decision making problems discussed earlier is based on single stage problems because of the payoffs, decision alternatives, states of nature and probabilities associated with the occurrence of states of nature are not changed. However, when the decision maker needs to revise decisions on getting new information, he make a sequence of other decisions.In such a case the problem becomes a multi-stage decision problem because the consequence of one decision affects future decision. Thus, if the sequence of decisions are to be made simultaneously, the decision tree approach is more useful and informative.

           A decision tree is nothing but a graphic device of showing the sequence of decisions to be made and the possible events that may occur. In other words a graphic display of the decision process indicating decision alternatives states of nature probabilities  attached to the states of nature, and conditional benefits and losses is called a decision tree. The decision diagram looks very much like a drawing of a tree, therefore also called decision tree. It helps a decision problem where he is required to make a sequence of decision rather than only a single one.

Queuing Theory: an introduction

It is a common experience with all of us that for getting any sort of goods or services from any shop or service center namely Railway station, Banks, Airports, Cinema halls, Clinics, Grocery stores, Government offices etc. We are to wait in a line or queue for a long time at the concerned counters. This sort of waiting not only cause irritation and dissatisfaction in the minds of the waiters but also makes it very much expensive and time consuming on their part of energy, equipment, valuable opportunities etc. 

Simplex method

When there are more than two decision variables in a LP problem, the method of solving linear programming problem by graphic method is not suitable. A procedure known as simplex method can be used to find the optimal solution. The simplex method is an efficient iterative method and is widely used in solving linear programming problems containing several variables and constraints. This method helps in examining the corner points of the feasible solution space in a systematic manner in the search of an  optimal solution space in a systematic manner in the search of an optimal solution of an LP problem ensuring highest profit or the lowest cost under given constraints is obtained. The simplex method begins with zero solution and at each step of the iteration, the value of the objective function is increased until no further improvement is possible.

Nauture

Village view from plane

Nauture

Beautiful Place

Transportation problem

Transportation problem is also the problem of resource allocation, like linear programming. This is the application of distribution of physical goods and services from several origin or sources to several destination or consumption point. Transportation problem can also be solved by using LP model but due to large number of variables and constraints it consumes very long time to solve it. For this cause, transportation algorithm is developed. It is also known as stepping stone method and modified distribution method.

Transportation problem involves large number of shipping routes from several supply origins to several demand destinations. The main objective of TP is to determine the number of units to be supplied to destinations in order to satisfy the available quantity and required quantity of goods to optimize the objective of minimization of cost or maximization of profit.

Worker's Physiology

Worker's physiology is concerned with the study of the workers' physiology related to their work. It studies grip, strength, lifting ability, and many others physiological factors that have to be well considered for job design. Work place arrangement, job design, and equipment design need the study of physiological factors. Physical capabilities of workers can be obtained from industrial engineering handbook. The 'Ergonomics' often, called human factor engineering is used to study the relationship between machine and man of a work. The objective of applying ergonomics is to fit the work to the body rather than forcing the body to confirm to the work. It aims in safety, comfortability, and efficiency at work through good relationship between machine, material, man environment and methods. It tries to design job, arrange machines, and equipments, considering the physiological factors of workers.

Business Plan

Many firms and companies use a formal business planning. It determines both long range and short range and that range decision for running the overall business.The terms and conditions are evaluated in financial terms of their financial impact on the business and plans are expressed in financial terms. It is a statement of organizations overall activities of coming periods. It is developed by top executives considering general economic conditions, anticipated conditions of industries, competitive consideration etc. Business plan is the understanding agreement between all functional departments. It is not developed on detail by specifying timing of activities for execution rather it determines framework for achieving goals. Therefore it is a guide for lower level and to make detail plans and decision.

Job Design

Today's job of operations manager is complex because he/she has to manage all employees and workers involved in the production of goods and services. For operational managers, managing people is challenging because of differences in culture, education, attitude, and belief of the employees. All these  require frequent restructuring of organization without minimizing quality of goods and services. In order to manage people effectively, operations manager should develop effective designs, standards, and measurement of jobs for them.

One of the best ways used for increasing productivity of an organization is job design. It is a technique to structure the job of workers to adjust physical and behavioral needs of workers and employees. For this purpose, work measurement method is used to determine the most effecient means for working the task of each employee in reasonable set of standards. Employees can be motivated in different ways but operations manager can structure a job not only for motivating the employees but also reinforce them to the most important aspects of the job.

Job refers a group of interrelated activities or tasks, which needs to perform for achieving organization objectives. A group of jobs is called department, departments are grouped on the basis of nature of function like production/operations department, marketing department, finance department, etc. Job design is the process of specifying the content of activities of each job and determining how it is distributed within organization. In the words, Job design may be defined as the function of specifying volume of works or activities of an individual or group in an organizational setting. Its objective is to develop job structures that meet the requirements of the organization and its technology and that satisfy jobholder's personal and individual requirements.

The objectives of job design are as follows:
- Technical feasibility
- Economic feasibility
- Physical feasibility.

Joint venture

Joint ventures: This is a mostly used strategy for a company to enter into any foreign country. An independent company created by two or more firms by combining parts of their assets is called as joint venture. They are created by combining the resources and expertise needed to develop new products or technologies. Joint ventures are owned by creating firms jointly and they are seen as very effective in establishing long-term relationships and in transferring management competence and skill which can not be so easily learned. In Nepal, there are aerating under technical agreements with foreign banks as joint ventures.

Conglomerate

A "conglomerate", being an assembly, under one management, of a wide diversity of businesses without a common core of unity, cannot expect superior results and performance in the long run, and, specially not in turbulent times."
 From the above statement it is clear that diversification and performance are related but there are many conditions to interpret their perfect relations. In other words, there are inconclusive relations. When a firm is in single-product businesses and tries to diversify around its competencies, markets can have a competitive advantage and profits. Otherwise, it would be costly diversification.

What is Decision

The success and failure of any organization or individual depends to the large extent on the ability of decision-making. In an organization, management have to make several decisions like make or buy, drop or continue, accept or reject, change the process or continue, capital investment (capital budgeting), etc. In case of an individual there may be decided that whether to do or not, accept or reject or ignore etc. The sense of decision-making is only viable if there are alternatives for selection, unless there is no need for decision making. Decision maker has to select option from different alternatives in such a way that it can maximize the value. To overcome the problem of decision-making, decision theory helps decision maker to make proper decision.

Strategy

Strategy is a key planning tools for the smooth running of an organization and the achievement of its goal of long-term survival and growth. I is regarded as the most important tools of top management to cope with external environmental challenges. Strategy is needed to anticipate the areas in which the greatest changes are likely to occur and to make business plans to cope with these changes.

Should it be the solution for me?

I wanted to become a canvas arts essay writer and tried to define the art essay on here. Art encourages us to use flowery words. Illustrating the actual image in details and how it move around at the back of our mind. This is one way of telling our readers what   actually happened and get them into the picture. This is the advantage of writing our art essay. We are free to write almost everything as long as it does not exaggerate that eventually bore our readers.

Art essay done in different formatting style: APA, MLA, or Harvard. If we have decided to use one of these formats, make sure we follow their standard referencing. Writing art essay always recommend us to stick to the standard form of essay writing. It has the   introductory paragraph, the body and the conclusion. These are the major parts in writing our art essay. But we must proofread our work to avoid flaws and grammatical error.

Orchid

Hope you too enjoy with orchid's flower.

The best definition of CEO

Crucial to the success of strategic management is the role of the corporate-level general manager: the chief executive officer. The CEO is responsible for defining what business the firm is in and matching the best product-market opportunities with the best use of the enterprise's resources. This person must conceptualize the strategy and then initiate and maintain the strategic management process.

Photoes

Photography, is one of the sweetest work to do. I enjoy my time on photography. Please just view the photo taken by me. This is one of the beautiful flowers i ever seen in my life. 

computer

How many of us knows about computer. Most of us knows about computer is that the machine which works fast, and where we can chat and updates our status in facebook, twitter, myspace and etc. But computer is a essential machine that everybody must have it to know the world. It is the combination of the hardware and software. It is also the tools to know the latest news and latest technology, we have to accept this. It is necessity of our life and the time also.
What you thick the definition of computer?

Accident

Today, i went to New Baneshwor for my personal work. When I came back from there, I got a accident on the way. When I rode on the bus from Baneshwor, there is another bus of Nepal Yatayat which is came together with the same bus of Kadaghari. When we reaches on the Tinkune, then the Nepal Yatayat hit the Kadaghari's bus. All the passengers were afraid and started to cry. But the Nepal Yatayat's runs away after hitting this. After some time, Traffic was reached, and asked some question to the driver. This was happen because of their personal issues. I just becomes curious what the issue was. It is clear now when it came in the national news paper that the amount of money has to be paid to the Kadagharis' bus wasnot paid to the Yatayat's bus. 

It is not the way to take a lead of that kinds of attack with passenger. From the two's quarrel, around 12-14 people was came in to the risk. For that kinds of quarrel and breaking the traffic's rule, the law must have to be punishend.

राजनीति

बिकल्प

नेपाल एउटा अति कम बिकशित राष्ट्र हो. यहाँ केहि कुराको पनि टुङ्गो छैन. यसमाथि झन् बन्द र हड्ताल को त कुरा नगरौ. हिजो छेत्री समाज को बन्द, भोलि माऊबदिको बन्द, बीचमा आज एकदिन खुल्ला. देश अहिले संविधानको  खोजीमा धुल्मुलीरहेको बेलामा सभासद् लाई भत्ता पकाउनको सुर अनि राजनीतिक पार्टीहरुलाई चै बन्द र हड्ताल गरेरे आफु मात्रै ठुलो देखाउने होडबाजी. यसरि कहिले सम्म टिक्ने हो देस थाहा छैन. त्यसमाथि झन् नेपाली कांग्रेस जस्तो २००७ सालदेखि जनताको लागि लडेको पार्टी ले त संसदमा अबरोध गर्न थालेपछि कसको के लागछ  र.

अब दिनानुदिन संबिधान बनाउने दिन सक्किदै गैरहेको बेलामा झन् काम गर्नु त कता हो कता उल्टै बन्द र हड्ताल गर्ने होद्बाजिलाई नेपाली जनताले कसरि बुझ्ने. नेपालको सरकारी काम र सरकारी मन्त्रालयले गर्ने कामहरु त आर्थिक वर्ष सक्किना लाग्दा हतार हतार भए पनि बजेट सक्यौना कै लागि भए पनि काम गर्ने परिपाटी बसेको छ. त्यसरी नै संबिधान बनाउन समय सक्किनै लागेको बेलामा भए पनि केहि काम हरुलाई छिटो छरितो संग सक्दा खेरि पनि राम्रै हुन्थ्यो होला कि?

संबिधान बनाउने काम त्यति सजिलो छैन होला हुनत. सबै जनाका, र सबै जातिका माग हरु सम्बोधन गरेर अगाडी बढ्नु पनि छ. तर त्यो भन्दैमा संबिधान साभालाई लै बन्दक बनाएर कहिले सम्म अत्याचार गर्ने हो? हिजोका दिनमा ४ जना सभासदले धेरै दिन यसरि नै बन्द गरेका थिए. जेजे भए पनि र जेजे भने पनि सरकार आफ्नो आयु लम्ब्याउन जस्तो सुकै मागलाई सम्बोधन गर्ने र त्यो गर्न पनि बन्द नै माधम बनाउने परिपाटी कहिले सक्ने हो. देस मा जिम्मेबार भनाउदा पार्टीहरुनै यसरि बन्द को पछी लागेपछि कसको के लाग्छ र? अब त्यसको सोलुशन को लागि देसले एउटा श्री ३ जन्ग्गा बहादुर खोज्नुपर्ने बेला आएजस्तो छ.. नेपालका राजनीतिक पर्त्य्हरुलाई ब्यबहारिक बनाउनकै लागि भए पनि जांगबहादुर को खोजि नेपाली जनताले गर्न सुरु गर्नु  उपयुटका हुनेछ. पार्टीहरुलाई आहिलेको व्यवस्था को विकल्प छैन भनेर जे पायो त्यो गर्न छुट हुनु हुदैन. त्यसका लागि जनता नै जागरुक हुनु जरुरि छ.

नेपाल मा बहुदलीय प्रजातान्त्रिक प्रणाली लै खारेज गरेर जुन लोकतान्त्रिक प्रणालीको सुरुवात गरिएको थियो सायद यसले जनतामा राहत दिनुपर्ने थियो तर एसले त झन् दिनुसम्म दुखः दियो. त्यसैले नेपालमा अब राजनीतक पार्टीहरुलाई पनि आफ्नो अस्तित्यो बचौनालाई र बाटो पत्ता लगाउन लाई  पनि विकल्प खोज्नुको विकल्प छैन. त्यसका लागि पार्टी हैन, गुट हैन, जातीयता हैन, एउटा व्यक्त्ति अगाडी आउनु जरुरि छ ra यहि नै आजको नया नेपालको नया अबधारणा हुनेछ.

नेपाल बन्द र खेलकुद

नेपाल अहिले नराम्रो दलदल मा फस्दै गैरहेको छ. त्यो चाहे राजनीतिक खिचातानी होस् वा अन्य जुनसुकै कारण बाट होस्. यसको प्रत्यक्ष असर सबै नेपालीहरुलाई परिरहेको हुन्छ. संक्रमन्न्कालिन समयसंग जुध्न र यसबाट छुटकारा पुन एकदमै गारो हुनेकुरा सबै नेपालीहरुले अनुभव गरेकै कुरा हो. यसका साथसाथै देसले भोग्नुपरेको विविन्न किसिमका कठिनाईहरुको त लेखाजोखा नै छैन.

यस्तो समय मा खेलकुद छेत्र पनि अछुतो रहने भन्ने कुनै कुरा रहेन.

नेपाल जस्तो एक गरिब मुलुकलाई बन्द त के यसको छाया पनि सुहाउदैन. खेलकुद छेत्र बल्ल बल्ल २०-५० जना दर्शक बटुल्ने तरिखरीमा लागिरहेको बेलामा एस्त बन्द र हड्तालहरुले भलो गर्ने भन्ने कुरा आएन. यसका लागि विभिन्न पार्टीहरुलाई साथ् दिनुको saato  उनीहरुलाई हतोत्साही पर्नुपर्ने देखिन्छ.

बिकशित देसहरुमा त बन्द गर्नलाई सरकारको अनुमति चाहिन्छ रे . सरकार ले पनि आफ्नो कार्यतालिका बनाउछ रे. तर हाम्रो मा त जसको सक्ति उसको भक्ति भनेझै बन्द गरे राजनीतिक छबी राम्रो हुने कुरामा कुनै सन्देह छैन . त्यसकै लागि भए पनि अ आफ्नो संगठनलाई चिनाउनको लिगी भएपनि बन्द गर्ने परिपाटी त राम्रै संग बसिरहेको छ.

यस्तो बेलामा सबै जना एकजुट भएर भर्खर पैला सर्ने जमर्को गरिरहेको खेलकुद छेत्र मै बन्द हड्ताल कम गरेर राजनीतिक छबी बनाउने भन्दा पनि समग्र देस बिकाश मा जोड दिए राम्रै हुन्थ्यो होला सबै नेपाली को लागि पनि. aaunuhos tapaaii hai सबै milera बन्द गर्ने परिपाटी laii नै बन्द garau.

Khelkud ra Bikash

नेपालमा खेललाई अझै पनि कसरि लिईन्छ था छ तपाइलाई ? सायद तपाई सहरमा बस्नुहुन्छ भने खेल भनेको एउटा ससक्त माद्यामा हो जसमा मान्छेले नाम र दाम दुवै कुरा कमाउछ भन्नुहोला तर गाउ घर मा त खेलकुद लाई समय कटाउने माध्यम मात्र हो भनिन्छ र आफ्ना केटाकेटी हरुलाई खेलेर समय बार्बत नगर्न भनिन्छ . सायदै अझै पनि गाउघर मा बिकाश को छाया नपरेकोले होला या त नेपाल का राजनीतिक पार्टी हरुले त्यस तर्फ ध्यान नदिएकोले पनि होला कि .

विभिन्न विकासोन्मुख देश हरु खेलकुद को माध्यम देखि नै बिकशित देस हुने दौड मा छन् . त्यहा खेलकुद लाई धर्म नै मानिन्छ . र मानिसहरु लाई स्कूल देखि नै कुनै न कुनै खेल संग आबद्ध गरिन्छ जसको कारण त्यो मुलुक ले प्रगति पनि राम्रै गर्न सकेका छन् .

हामीले पनि हाम्रो देस को विकास गर्न खेलकुद को सहारा लिनु उचित हुन्छ कि , राजनीतिक पार्टी ले त देस बनाउन सकेनन , हामीले सकेनौ अब खेल को सहारा ले अगी बढेर हेर्ने हो कि .

Games on the Facebook

अचेल कम्प्युटर नचलाउने कोहि होला त? त्यसमा पनि नया पिढी  ले त सबै भन्दा बढी  चलाउछन . त्यसमा पनि फेश्बू क र त्विटर  जमाना नै छ भने  हुन्छ . आहिले फेश्बुक  नचलाउने मान्छे भन्न्दा त अरु मान्छे हस्छां उनीहरु सोच्छन कि इन्टरनेट भनेको नै फचेबूक हो .त्यसैले हिजो आज मानिस को समय कटाउने माध्यम पनि फेसबुक नै भएको छ .

फेसबुकले पनि आफ्ना ग्राहकहरुलाई समय कताउनको लागि त्यस्तै किसिम का खेल हरु राखिदिएर पनि भरपुर मनोरंजन प्रदान गर्ने प्रयास गरेको देखिन्छ . जो मानिस खेल प्रति लगाब राक्छ उनीहरु सबै ले खेल्छन . जसले गर्दा फेसबुकका ग्राहक बढाउन पनि सहयोग गरेको छ.

पछिल्लो समयमा त झन् विभिन्न किसिमका अप्लिकेशन हरु लाइ पनि खेल खेल्ने मध्यम कै  रुपमा प्रयोग गरेकोले पनि खेल को महत्व झन् बढी रहेको कुरा प्रमाणित हुन्छ . त्यसैले तपाई पनि तपाइको फेशबुक को वाल मा आएका खेल हरु खेलेर अझ बढी मनोरंजन लिनुहुन्छ कि.

Is Dandi Biyo becomes the Natinal Games of Nepal?

Nepal is one of the rich country in culture in the world. It has unique cultures and games. From these unique games Dandi Biyo is one of the most important games because this game is a Nepal's National games.

Nepal's one of the traditional games is Dandi Biyo. It has unique features. People of Nepal normally played this games when they graze the cows and buffaloes. The history of Dandi Biyo was started before the Rana regime. But the actual date was not found. It is played in village area of the country.

Nepal's government has announced this game as a national game. But this games is just a national games. It has not got the place for competition. Nobody is interested to promote this games. Government has no provide any kinds of facilities and promotion. There has not a fund for the national games.

As a national games, the government has to provide the sufficient informations for the games but the government has not get a time for it. Government just announced it as a national games. In other countries, national games becomes its pride. They gives the priority for that. They provides funds for it but in Nepal it is just a thinking subject for villagers only.

So will it becomes the pride of Nepalese as a national game? Nobody has interested to promote. Games was not becomes the national games as it announced. It becomes national games when it is promoted by the government and related organizations.

Indian Premier League and Nepal

Indian Premier League, normally called IPL, is started in India. The league also called the Indian money league. When the IPL started, The people of Nepal are also attacked in the cricket. In Nepal, Cricket is played but the impact of IPL is huge. People started to play in the roads also. There are players who is known as worlds best players. This also helps to the people to become popular.

When IPL was started, Nepal also start the national level 20-20 cricket games. Now in kathmandu, there is started the games. There are some National players, and some are the regional players. This creates the opportunity to the new generation. we can say that this is the good path for the Nepalese players to create the plateform for the cricket.

In Nepal, now CAN (computers associations of Nepal) has provides the different kinds of facilities for the players. It also has gives the chance of Nepalese players to improve the National level performance in the records of the ICC (international cricket council).

Whoever won the title of IPL, it really gives the good message to the Nepal and Nepalese players. 

World Cup Football and Nepal

World Cup Football, 2010 Was held at South Africa in June-July. The world cup was won by Spain and the runner up was Netharland. The game was held in Africa but the craze of football was seen in Nepal also. The Nepalese people was in the loadshedding, but it does not affect the people to watch the game in night also.

In Nepal, the world cup gives the special message for the Government of Nepal. About 25% of the Nepalese was interested in that game. People was normally follow the Brazil and Argentina. Some people was in favour of England and other countries but most of them who knows the players of Brazil and Argentina.

When the game was started, people of Nepal was excited that who will win the games. when the Argentina become out in quarter final, most of the Nepalese became sad. They think, The world cup is not interested now. but in final games, most of the people was in the theater, in the cinema hall, in the resturent and in the place where the space was available for the projector in the city area specially in Kathmandu. The Final games was enjoyed by all the Nepalese who interested in the games.

Through this world cup, Nepalese also aware to the games which is played in world. The children started to play in roads and in houses. So the crazyness of the wold cup football in Nepal was one of the icon games for Nepal and Nepalese.

National games and Nepal.

In the case of Nepal, sports is not a profession of the people. people just play the game when the special game organized by the Government. Government just pormote the games and encourage people to play. There was held the National games. But the professional players was not there. People just start to play when the games has announced.
In Nepal, National level games was firstly held in 2038 BS. The first National games was held in Dasharath Stedium Kathmandu. The logo was the Danfe. and the game was held for 9 days. In this game, there was 78 golds, 76 silver and 72 bronz medel.
In the 2nd National games, it was held in Pokhara National Studiem in 2040 BS. The logo was Rododendran and there was 25 games and 1968 male players and 539 female players.
In the third national games, tiger was its logo. it was held in 2042 BS falgun 3-1 chaitra at Birjung national studium. there was 26 events was played. there was 146 golds, 147 silvers and 181 bronz medel was distributed for 2037 males and 737 female players.
In fourth National games, there was 12 events held abd 140 gold, 140 silvers and 189 bronz medel was distributed to the players. This game was opened by the late Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah. This games was held in 2055 chaitra 8 - chaitra 14. From this games swimming players Nayana Shakya was become the hero of the Nation.
In fifth national games, There was 32 events held over all games. ther was held in 2065 BS. chaitra 24-chaitra 30. The logo of this games was Red Panda. This logo was made by Khem Raj Shrestha.
So the national games helps to improve the level of the people to play. Generally, people was not interested to play games. Normally they plays the games in the village what they wants. when National Games was started they provides the postitive information to the people.